Commonly used P&ID symbols (Piping and Instrumentation Diagram symbols) for instrument signals. Note that they may differ slightly from one project to another.
| Process Connection |  {adinserter 1} |
| Electric signal |  |
| Capillary connection |  |
| Software signal |  {adinserter 1} |
| Mechanical link |  |
| Hydraulic signal |  |
| Pneumatic signal |  {adinserter 1} |
| Electric binary signal |  |
| Pneumatic binary signal |  |
Figure 1 - Manual valves with handwheel fixed to the stem
Electric motor valve actuators
Electric motors allow manual operation (through a handwheel)...
Evaporation stage of absorption chillers
Refer to figure-2 for schematic explanation of the absorption refrigeration process. Similar to mechanical...
... (1)
A : orifice are requirement in mm2
Q : flowrate in lit/min
Q = 100000×1000/(1000×60) = 1666.67 lit/min
G : Specific gravity of the liquid = 1...
Temperature and pressure conditions for steam for different applications
The pressure and temperature of the steam to be generated in the steam system is...
Design pressure for a vessel is taken by adding a suitable margin to the maximum possible pressure during normal operation. This design pressure value is used...
