Commonly used P&ID (Piping and Instrumentation Diagram) symbols for heat transfer equipments. Note that they may differ slightly from one project to another.
| Air cooler |  |
| Generic heat exchanger |  {adinserter 1} |
| Generic heat exchanger |  |
| Plate and frame heat exchanger |  |
| Double pipe U tube heat exchanger |  {adinserter 1} |
| Kettle type heat exchanger |  |
| Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger |  |
Manual (handwheel)
Diaphragm actuator
{adinserter 1}
Balanced diaphragm actuator
Motor actuator
{adinserter 1}
Spring actuator
Pilot...
Mass Balance Equation - The mass balance equation forms basis to a number of process engineering calculations. Mass balance equation simply states that total...
The amount of vibration depends on:
The exciting force.
How close the frequency of this exciting force is to structural resonances or their multiples...
The pump pressurizes treated water from condenser pressure to the boiler operating pressure.
In boiler, the water is first heated to its boiling temperature...
Oxygen present in air is partially consumed in the combustion of hydrocarbon gases while the rest is consumed in the heterogeneous reaction with char...
